YEW FAMILY:
 | *Ginkgo: not evergreen; spurs; leaf scars far apart. |
PINE FAMILY:
Resinous juice; leaves, needles or scales.
| White Pine: 5 leaves in a bundle; cone scales thin. |
| Pitch Pine: 3 leaves in a bundle; scale thick, spine. |
| *Red Pine: 2 leaves in a bundle, slender, flexible. |
| Australian Pine: 2 leaves in a bundle, stiff, thick. |
| Scotch Pine: 2 leaves in a bundle; cones point backwards. |
| American Larch: deciduous; spurs; cone 3/4 in., few scales. |
| *European Larch: many leaves in cluster; cone I in., many scales. |
| Black Spruce: cone nearly spherical, persistent. |
| *Norway Spruce: cone more than 3 in.; leaves all around stem. |
| Hemlock: leaves 2-ranked, whitened beneath, flattened. |
| White Cedar: leaves awl-like; globular cone; swamps. |
| *Arbor Vitae: 2 ranked spray; small tree; hedges. |
| Red Cedar: bluish berry; dry hills; red heart-wood. juniper: berry axillary; leaves prickly pointed, 3 in whorl. |
WILLOW FAMILY:
Twigs slender, buds alternate; stipule scars.
| Yellow Willow: Yellow twig. |
| *Weeping Willow: drooping branches; ornamental. |
| *White Poplar: retains whitish green bark; wooly twigs. |
| American Aspen: buds reddish, slightly sticky, appressed. |
| Large-toothed Aspen: buds downy, small. |
| *Balm of Gilead: fragrant buds, resinous, large. |
| *Carolina Poplar: light yellow twigs; appressed buds. |
| *Lombardy Poplar: sharply up-carved branches. |
WALNUT FAMILY:
Twigs stout, tough; buds alternate.
| Butternut: terminal bud longer than broad; brown pith. |
| Black Walnut: nut spherical, thick shell; slightly shaggy. |
| Mockernut: brown, thick-shelled nut, smooth ridges. |
| Pignut: nut nearly spherical, thick shell; slightly shaggy. |
| Butternut: thin shell; superposed buds, yellow, dotted. |
| BIRCH FAMILY: LenticeIs horizontally elongated; buds alternate. |
| Hop Hornbeam: fruit like hop; dark brown, flaky. |
| American Hornbeam: bark gray, twisted, along streams. |
| Black Birch: dark bark, not peeling, aromatic. |
| Yellow Birch: yellow bark, peeling, aromatic, twigs, long hairs. |
| American Canoe Birch : white bark, papery layers. |
| Gray Birch: dingy, gray bark, not papery; twigs resinous. |
| Speckled Adler: cone-like catkins, lateral, erect. |
| Smooth Alder: cone-like catkins, terminal, erect. |
BEECH FAMILY:
Buds alternate; stipule scars.
| American Beech: bluish gray bark; long buds; dead leaves. |
| Chestnut: burs; 2-ranked buds, oblique to leaf scar. |
| White Oak: young branches not peeling; large buds. |
| Swamp White Oak: young branches scaly, acorns long-stalked. |
| Chestnut Oak; bark not flaky, round ridged; cup thin; acorn sessile. |
| P Red Oak: rusty hairs apex bud; large flat cup; flat flutings. |
| P in Oak: smooth, continuous trunk; saucer cup; low grounds. |
| Scarlet Oak: bark gray, red inside; cup conical base. |
| Black Oak: bark gray, yellow inside; buds pale, wooly. |
| Scrub Oak: shrun; sterile ground; smooth bark; many acorns. |
NETTLE FAMILY:
Buds alternate; terminal bud absent.
| Slippery Elm: inner bark mucilaginous, rough gray twigs. |
| American Elm: drooping branches; whitish layers of bark. |
| Hackberry: drupe; chambered pith; galls; bark ridged, warts. |
| *White Mulberry: many small branches, cut twig milky. |
| *Red Mulberry: darker twigs; dark margined bud-scales; twigs aromatic. |
MAGNOLIA FAMILY:
Buds alternate; stipule scars.
| Tulip Tree: fruiting cones; winged seeds; twigs curve up. |
LAUREL FAMILY:
Buds alternate; no stipules; twigs aromatic
| Sassafras: twigs aromatic, green, mucilaginous. |
WITCH HAZEL FAMILY:
Buds alternate; stipule scars.
| Witch Hazel: fruit 2 chambered capsule; flowers in fall. |
| *Sweet-Gum: fruit cluster spherical, spiny; corky ridges. |
PLANE TREE FAMILY:
Buds alternate; stipule scars meet.
| Buttonwood: upper trunk white areas; no terminal bud. |
ROSE FAMILY:
Buds alternate; stipule scars, 3-fibre scars.
| Shad Bush: long narrow buds; berry-like fruit; diseased. |
| English Hawthorne: unbranched thorns: drupe-like pome. |
| Choke Cherry: smooth bark; lenticels do not elongate. |
| Wild Red Cherry: many small terminal buds; recent clearings. |
PULSE FAMILY:
Buds alternate; stipule scars; fruit a pod.
| Honey Locust: branched thorns; smooth buds. |
| Common Locust; paired thorns; downy buds. |
| *Kentucky Coffee Tree: narrow ridged bark; stout twigs. |
| *Redbud: shrub; flower buds on old growth; ornamental. |
QUASSIA FAMILY:
Buds alternate; no stipules; twigs stout.
| *Ailanthus: seed in center of wing; solitary buds. |
CASHEW FAMILY:
Shrubs; buds alternate; pithy twigs.
| Staghorn Sumac: velvet hairs; red berries. |
| Smooth Sumac: smooth twigs; red berries. |
| Poison Sumac: terminal bud; white berries; swamps. |
MAPLE FAMILY:
Opposite buds; slender branches; fruit wings
| Rock Maple: twigs fork; keys persist; bud sharp, many scales |
| White Maple: flaky bark; collateral buds; twigs curve up. |
| Red Maple: red twigs; collateral buds; usually swamps. |
| *Norway Maple- ridged bark; red, hairy buds, leaf-scars meet. |
| *Sycamore Maple: flaky bark; green buds; leaf-scars not meet. |
| *Box Elder: green twigs; downy buds; leaf-scars V-shaped. |
SOAPBERRY FAMILY:
Qpposite buds; stout branches.
| *Horse Chestnut: large twigs, leaf-scars and sticky buds. |
| LINDEN FAMILY: Buds alternate; bark mucilaginous, tough. |
| *Linden: buds bright, 2-3 scales show; twigs flat, zigzag. |
DOGWOOD FAMILY:
Fruit berry-like.
| Flowering Dogwood: opposite leaf-scars; large flower buds. |
| Tupelo: horizontal branches; pith partitioned; lowlands; blueberry. |
OLIVE FAMILY:
Opposite buds; stout brittle twigs; fruit winged.
| White Ash: leaf scars concave; ridged bark. |
| Red Ash: downy twigs; upper margin leaf-scar not concave. |
| Black Ash: scaly bark; black buds. |
BIGNONIA FAMILY:
Opposite buds; twigs stout.
| *Catalpa: three leaf-scars at node; bundle scars meet. |
*Commonly cultivated.
